Russian Language Grammar
Declension of Masculine Nouns, Singular
Hard and Soft Nouns
HARD NOUNS
|
|
Inanimate |
Animate |
|
NOM. |
стол |
брат |
|
GEN. |
стола |
брата |
|
DAT. |
столу |
брату |
|
ACC. |
стол |
брата |
|
INSTR. |
столом |
братом |
|
PREP. |
столе |
брате |
SOFT NOUNS
|
|
Inanimate |
Animate |
Inanimate |
Animate |
|
NOM. |
словарь |
учитель |
чай |
герой |
|
GEN. |
словаря |
учителя |
чая |
героя |
|
DAT. |
словарю |
учителю |
чаю |
герою |
|
ACC. |
словарь |
учителя |
чай |
героя |
|
INSTR. |
словарём |
учителем |
чаем |
героем |
|
PREP. |
словаре |
учителе |
чае |
герое |
Special Rules Pertaining to Masculine Nouns
Masculine nouns ending in the nominative in -a or -я, such as мужчина, дядя, are declined like feminine nouns.
Masculine nouns of foreign origin and ending in a vowel, such as атташе, маэстро are not declined.
Rules for the Genitive Case
Many nouns have, besides the ending -a or -я, a parallel form of the genitive ending in -у or -ю. This form may be used in the following instances:
(a) When a certain quantity, or a part of a whole, is referred to:
|
бензину |
gasoline |
|
мёду |
honey |
|
винограду |
grapes |
мелу |
chalk |
|
|
гороху |
peas |
миндалю |
almonds |
|
|
жиру |
grease |
одеколону |
cologne |
|
|
изюму |
raisins |
перцу |
pepper |
|
|
картофелю |
potatoes |
песку |
sand |
|
|
керосину |
kerosene |
пороху |
gunpowder |
|
|
клею |
glue |
рису |
rice |
|
|
коньяку |
brandy |
сахару |
sugar |
|
|
кипятку |
boiling water |
супу |
soup |
|
|
лесу |
wood |
сыру |
cheese |
|
|
лимонаду |
lemonade |
табаку |
tobacco |
|
|
луку |
onion |
уксусу |
vinegar |
|
|
льду |
ice |
чаю |
tea |
|
|
маргарину |
margarine |
чесноку |
garlic |
Note: The same nouns, however, take the endings -a or -я when no part of a whole is implied: цена чая – the price of tea; экспорт табака – the export of tobacco. Or, usually, when preceded by an adjective: стакан крепкого чая – a glass of strong tea.
(b) After много, мало, нет:
|
весу |
weight |
народу |
people |
|
вздору |
nonsense |
свету |
light |
|
воздуху |
air |
снегу |
snow |
|
жару |
heat |
copy |
litter, dirt |
|
крику |
shout(s) |
страху |
fear |
(c) After the prepositions из and до (expressing motion, distance) with the nouns "дом" and "лес": выйти из лесу – to go out of the wood; до дому было далеко – the house was far away.
After the prepositions до, с, около with the noun "час": до часу дня – until (before) 1:00 p.m.; с часу – from 1 o'clock on; ждал около часу – waited for about an hour.
After the preposition с when expressing a reason: умереть с голоду – to die from hunger; со страху – from fear.
(d) Finally, in a rather large number of idiomatic or set expressions, such as:
|
упустить из виду |
to let out of sight, to forget about |
|
ни слуху, ни духу |
no news (whatsoever) |
|
ни разу |
not a single time |
|
сбить с толку |
to confuse |
|
до упаду |
until exhaustion |
|
ни шагу дальше |
not a step further |
Rules for the Accusative Case
In the masculine singular, the accusative of inanimate nouns is like the nominative; the accusative of animate nouns is like the genitive:
| Я вижу дом. | I see a house. |
| Я вижу брата. | I see [my] brother. |
Notes This does not apply to collective animate nouns such as полк – regiment; народ – people, etc.: Он любит свой полк. – Не likes his regiment.
Rules for the Instrumental Case
After ж, ч, ш, щ, ц hard masculine nouns have the ending -ом in the instrumental, when the stress falls on this ending: ножом (knife), отцом (father).
When the ending is not stressed, it becomes -ем: товарищем (friend), американцем (American).
With soft nouns, the ending -ём is, of course, always stressed. The ending -ем is not stressed: словарём (dictionary), ручьём (brook), учителем (teacher), боем (battle).
Rules for the Prepositional Case
(a) Many masculine nouns take the stressed endings -у or –ю when they follow the prepositions в or на (or either), and when they express:
-
location: в саду (in the garden); на полу (on the floor).
-
time (occasionally): в прошлом году (last year); в котором часу? (at what time?).
-
a condition (sometimes): в бреду (delirious); в долгу (in debt).
Examples:
With в:
|
аду |
hell |
|
плену |
captivity |
|
боку |
side, flank |
полку |
regiment |
|
|
бою |
battle |
порту |
port |
|
|
бреду |
delirium |
пруду |
pond |
|
|
виду |
sight |
раю |
paradise |
|
|
глазу |
eye |
(во) рву |
moat |
|
|
году |
year |
(во) рту |
mouth |
|
|
долгу |
debt |
ряду |
row |
|
|
дыму |
smoke |
саду |
garden |
|
|
краю |
edge; country |
снегу |
snow |
|
|
кругу |
circle |
строю |
formation (milit.) |
|
|
Крыму |
Crimea |
тазу |
basin |
|
|
лесу |
wood |
тылу |
rear |
|
|
(во) льду |
ice |
углу |
corner, angle |
|
|
носу |
nose |
шкафу |
closet, cupboard |
With на:
|
балу |
ball (dance) |
|
носу |
nose |
|
берегу |
shore |
пиру |
feast, banquet |
|
|
боку |
side, flank |
плоту |
raft |
|
|
борту |
board, edge |
полу |
floor |
|
|
Дону |
Don River |
посту |
post |
|
|
краю |
edge |
пруду |
pond |
|
|
лбу |
forehead |
снегу |
snow |
|
|
лугу |
meadow |
суку |
branch, twig |
|
|
льду |
ice |
углу |
corner |
|
|
мосту |
bridge |
шкафу |
closet, cupboard |
Note: With other prepositions governing the same (prepositional) case, the endings are regular: о саде – about the garden; при виде – seeing, at the sight of.
(b) A few masculine nouns with the nominative ending in -ий take ending -ии in the prepositional: гений – genius; жребий – lot (as in "to cast lots"); комментарий – comment; санаторий - sanatorium; алюминий - aluminum; кальций - calcium, etc.
Example: в санатории, об алюминии.
The Fleeting "о" and "е"
1. Many masculine nouns containing о or e (ё) in their final syllable drop these letters throughout the declension. This takes place:
(a) Primarily in front of the letters л or н:
|
cough |
кашель |
кашля |
|
boiler |
котёл |
котла |
|
(billy) goat |
козёл |
козла |
donkey |
осёл |
осла |
|
|
eagle |
орёл |
орла |
corner, angle |
угол |
угла |
|
|
ambassador |
посол |
посла |
knot |
узел |
узла |
|
|
coal |
уголь |
угля |
stone |
камень |
камня |
|
|
day |
день |
дня |
fire, flame |
огонь |
огня |
|
|
root |
корень |
корня |
belt |
ремень |
ремня |
|
|
fellow, guy |
парень |
парня |
dream |
сон |
сна |
(b) In front of an й, in which case e is replaced by а ь.
|
sparrow |
воробей |
воробья |
|
ant |
муравей |
муравья |
|
brook |
ручей |
ручья |
nightingale |
соловей |
соловья |
(с) In a few other instances:
|
wind |
ветер |
ветра |
|
mouth |
рот |
рта |
|
claw |
коготь |
когтя |
carpet |
ковёр |
ковра |
|
|
elbow |
локоть |
локтя |
|
campfire |
костёр |
костра |
|
lump, slice (of bread) |
ломоть |
ломтя |
|
dog |
пёс |
пса |
|
finger nail |
ноготь |
ногтя |
|
cliff |
утёс |
утёса |
Note: It should not be assumed that о and e are always dropped in front of л, н, or й: shot – выстрел: выстрела; deer – олень: оленя; villain – злодей: злодея, etc.
2. Most masculine nouns with the suffixes -ок, -ек , or -ец drop о or e throughout the declension: palace – дворец: дворца; soldier – боец: бойца; piece – кусок: куска; sand – песок: песка; kerchief – платок: платка. Also, father – отец: отца.
Their number is very large, since it includes diminutives: орешек - diminutive of орех (nut), городок - diminutive of город (city), etc. and derivatives: подарок (gift), американец (American), etc.
Note: With nouns ending in -лец а -ь is inserted when the e is dropped: owner – владелец: владельца; finger – палец: пальца.
Remark: It should not be assumed that all nouns ending in -oк or -ец drop о or e. All diminutives do so, but some other nouns do not. lesson – урок: урока; player – игрок: игрока; east – восток: востока; blacksmith – кузнец: кузнеца; rascal, villain – подлец: подлеца; sage – мудрец: мудреца; brave man – храбрец: храбреца, etc.
Declension of the Noun путь
The masculine noun путь (way, road) is declined like a feminine noun, except for the ending of the instrumental:
|
NOM. |
путь |
|
GEN. |
пути |
|
DAT. |
пути |
|
ACC. |
путь |
|
INSTR. |
путём |
|
PREP. |
пути |

