Russian Language Grammar
Declension of Nouns in the Plural
General Pattern
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MASCULINE |
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Hard Nouns |
Soft Nouns |
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(in a consonant) стол |
(in - ь) словарь |
(in - й) случай |
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NOM. |
столы |
словари |
случаи |
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GEN. |
столов |
словарей |
случаев |
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DAT. |
столам |
словарям |
случаям |
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ACC. |
столы |
словари |
случаи |
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INSTR. |
столами |
словарями |
случаями |
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PREP. |
столах |
словарях |
случаях |
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FEMININE |
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Hard Nouns |
Soft Nouns |
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(in -a) комната |
(in -я) деревня |
(in -ия) линия |
(in -ь) тетрадь |
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NOM. |
комнаты |
деревни |
линии |
тетради |
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GEN. |
комнат |
деревень |
линий |
тетрадей |
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DAT. |
комнатам |
деревням |
линиям |
тетрадям |
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ACC. |
комнаты |
деревни |
линии |
тетради |
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INSTR. |
комнатами |
деревнями |
линиями |
тетрадями |
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PREP. |
комнатах |
деревнях |
линиях |
тетрадях |
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NEUTER |
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Hard Nouns |
Soft Nouns |
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(in -о) окно |
(in -е) море |
(in -ие) здание |
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NOM. |
окна |
моря |
здания |
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GEN. |
окон |
морей |
зданий |
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DAT. |
окнам |
морям |
зданиям |
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ACC. |
окна |
моря |
здания |
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INSTR. |
окнами |
морями |
зданиями |
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PREP. |
окнах |
морях |
зданиях |
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Rules Pertaining to the Declension of Nouns in the Plural
The dative, instrumental and prepositional take the following endings for all genders:
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PLURAL |
Dat. |
Instr. |
Prep. |
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Hard Nouns |
-ам |
-ами |
-ax |
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Soft Nouns |
-ям |
-ями |
-ях |
The accusative of all nouns in the plural is like the nominative with inanimate nouns, and like the genitive with animate nouns:
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Inanimate |
Animate |
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MASC. |
столы (tables) |
учеников (pupils) |
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FEM. |
комнаты (rooms) |
коров (cows) |
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NEUT. |
училища (schools) |
чудовищ (monsters) |
The Instrumental plural of the nouns дверь (door), лошадь (horse) and дочь (daughter) has two parallel forms:
дверями, лошадями, дочерями,
дверьми, лошадьми, дочерьми
The instrumental plural of дети and люди is детьми and людьми.
The Genitive Plural
The genitive plural has a variety of endings and has therefore to be studied in detail.
HARD NOUNS
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Nominative Singular |
Genitive Plural |
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ENDING |
EXAMPLE |
ENDING |
EXAMPLE |
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MASC. |
consonant |
стол |
-ов (1)* |
столов |
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FEM. |
-a |
река |
— |
рек |
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NEUT. |
-o |
слово |
— (2)* |
слов |
* See Remarks under corresponding numbers below.
1. Masculine Nouns Ending in a Consonant
(a) Nouns ending in -ж, -ч, -ш, -щ in the nominative singular take -ей in the genitive plural: нож: ножей; карандаш: карандашей.
(b) Nouns ending in unaccented -ец in the nominative singular take -ев in the genitive plural: палец: пальцев.
(c) Several nouns have the same ending in their genitive plural as in the nominative singular: волос – hairs (this noun changes the stress from the nominative singular волос); вольт – volts; глаз – eyes; гренадeр – grenadiers; грузин – Georgians; гусар – hussars; драгун – dragoons; кадет – cadets; раз – times; партизан – partisans; сапог – boots; солдат – soldiers; турок – Turks; человек – people (when used with numerals, such as пять человек).
(d) Nouns with the irregular ending -ья in the nominative plural take -ьев in the genitive plural: брат (brother) братья: братьев; лист (leaf) листья: листьев.
Exceptions:
друг (friend) друзья: друзей
сын (son) сыновья: сыновей
князь (prince) князья: князей
муж (husband) мужья: мужей
(e) Nouns ending in -онок / -ёнок in the singular and changing it into -ата / -ята in the plural form their genitive plural as follows:
ребёнок (child) ребята: ребят
котёнок (kitten) котята: котят
медвежонок (bear cub) медвежата: медвежат.
2. Neuter Nouns Ending in -o
Nouns with the irregular ending -ья in the nominative plural take -ьев in the genitive plural: дерево (tree) деревья: деревьев; перо (feather) перья: перьев.
SOFT NOUNS – FIRST GROUP
All nouns in this group take the ending -ей in the genitive plural.
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Nominative Singular |
Genitive Plural |
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ENDING |
EXAMPLE |
ENDING |
EXAMPLE |
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MASC. |
-ь |
рубль |
-ей |
рублей |
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FEM. |
-ь |
дверь |
-ей |
дверей |
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NEUT. |
-e |
море |
-ей (3)* |
морей |
* See Remarks under corresponding numbers below.
3. Neuter Nouns Ending in ж, ч, ш, and щ
Neuter nouns with the stem ending in -ж, -ч, -ш, -щ and most neuter nouns with the stem ending in -ц drop the final e in their genitive plural: училище (school) училищ; сердце (heart) сердец.
SOFT NOUNS – SECOND GROUP
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Nominative Singular |
Genitive Plural |
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ENDING |
EXAMPLE |
ENDING |
EXAMPLE |
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MASC. |
-й |
случай; бой |
-ев; -ёв |
случаев; боёв |
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FEM. |
-я after a consonant |
буря |
-ь (4)* |
бурь |
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FEM. |
-я following a vowel |
линия |
-й (5)* |
линий |
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NEUT. |
-ие; -ье |
здание |
-й (6)* |
зданий |
* See Remarks under corresponding numbers below.
4. Feminine Nouns Ending in -я Following a Consonant or -ь
(a) The following nouns take the ending -ен in the genitive plural:
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басня (fable) |
басен |
спальня (bedroom) |
спален |
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башня (tower) |
башен |
сплетня (gossip) |
сплетен |
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вишня (cherry) |
вишен |
таможня (customs) |
таможен |
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песня (song) |
песен |
читальня (reading room) |
читален |
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сотня (a hundred) |
сотен |
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(b) The following nouns take the endings -ень and -онь in the genitive plural:
барышня (young girl) барышень
деревня (village) деревень
кухня (kitchen) кухонь
(с) A few nouns with the feminine ending -я take -ей in the genitive plural:
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доля (part) |
долей |
распря (conflict, quarrel) |
распрей |
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западня (trap) |
западнeй |
тётя (aunt) |
тётей |
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ноздря (nostril) |
ноздрeй |
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(d) Feminine nouns ending in stressed -ья in the nominative singular take -ей in the genitive plural: статья (article): статей. Feminine nouns ending in unstressed -ья in the nominative singular take -ий in the genitive plural: колдунья (witch): колдуний.
5. Feminine Nouns Ending in -я Following a Vowel
The formation of the genitive plural is the same with any vowels preceding -я: идея: идей; статуя: статуй.
6. Neuter Nouns Ending in -ье or -ьё
Most nouns ending in -ье or -ьё take the ending -ий in the genitive plural: воскресенье (Sunday): воскресений; копьё (spear, lance): копий.
Exceptions: платье (dress): платьев; побережье (coast): побережий or поберeжьев; ружьё (gun, rifle): ружей.
Isolated Cases of Irregularities in the Genitive Plural
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Masculine: |
юноша (young man), a noun with a feminine ending, has юношей in the genitive plural. |
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Feminine: |
вожжа (rein): вожжей; свеча (candle): свечей or the regular свеч. Мечта (dream, longing) has no genitive plural. |
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Neuter: |
облако (cloud) has облаков; семя (seed): семян; стремя (stirrup): стремян; судно (boat, vessel): судов; яйцо (egg): яиц. |
Insertion of "e" and "o" in the Genitive Plural
The letters о and e are inserted in the genitive plural ending of many feminine and neuter nouns – and in the genitive plural ending of a few masculine diminutives with feminine or neuter endings: мальчишка, домишко, etc. The number of these nouns is very large, since it includes not only diminutives, but also nouns derived from other nouns or other parts of speech.
Examples :
ножка (leg) ножек; ручка (hand) ручек; тетрадка (notebook) тетрадок; окошко (window) окошек; колечко (ring) колечек, etc.
записка (note) записок; американка (American woman) американок; полька (Polish woman) полек; etc.
Note: Actually, diminutives are translated by "little + noun." Ножка and ручка have independent meanings, respectively: leg (of a table, etc.) and penholder, knob, handle.
Feminine Nouns
1. e is inserted in front of а к
(a) when к is preceded by ж, ч, ш, or ц:
девочка (girl) девочек
книжка (book, booklet) книжек
(b) when к is preceded by ь or й. The letters ь or й are then dropped:
копейка (kopeck) копеек
полька (Polish woman) полек
2. e is inserted in front of л or и preceded by a consonant:
земля (land) земель
песня (song) песен.
Exceptions: кукла (doll): кукол; княжна (daughter of a prince): княжон; волна (wave): волн.
3. e is inserted in a few other instances:
овца (sheep): овец
свадьба (wedding): свадеб
тюрьма (prison): тюрем.
4. e is inserted in the following nouns which occur only in the plural (and where the nominative singular is then no longer a guide):
деньги (money): денег
подтяжки (suspenders): подтяжек.
5. о is inserted in front of к which is not preceded by ж, ч, ш, ц:
палка (stick): палок
доска (board): досок
лавка (store): лавок.
6. о is also inserted in the following nouns which occur only in the plural:
носилки (stretcher): носилок
сливки (cream): сливок
сутки (day and night (24 hours): суток.
Neuter Nouns
1. e is inserted after a consonant or а ь
(a) when these letters are followed by -ко, -цо or -це:
окошко (small window): окошек
сердце (heart): сердец
кольцо (ring): колец.
(b) In most cases, when these letters are followed by -ло, -мо, -но, or -po:
кресло (armchair): кресел
письмо (letter): писем
пятно (spot): пятен
ведро (bucket): вёдер.
2. о is inserted when -ло, -мо, -но, -po are preceded by к:
окно (window): окон
стекло (glass, pane): стёкол.
Genitive of Nouns which Occur Only in the Plural
Since the nominative singular cannot serve here as a guide, the following rules will be helpful:
1. The few nouns which in the nominative plural end in -a drop this ending in the genitive: ворота (gate): ворот; чернила (ink): чернил.
These nouns are declined like слова.
2. The nouns ending in the nominative plural in -ы or -и (when the letter и is preceded by г, к, or x) have two types of endings, depending on the stress in the nominative plural:
(a) When the endings -ы or -и are stressed, the genitive plural ends in -ов:
часы (watch): часов; духи (perfume): духов; штаны (trousers): штанов; очки (glasses): очков.
These nouns are declined like столы.
(b) When the endings are not stressed, they are dropped in the genitive plural:
брюки (trousers): брюк; каникулы (vacation): каникул; макароны (spaghetti): макарон; ножницы (scissors): ножниц.
These nouns are declined like книги, комнаты.
Exceptions: The following nouns with unstressed endings have a genitive plural ending in -ов:
консервы (canned goods): консервов
мемуары (memoirs): мемуаров
переговоры (negotiations): переговоров
проводы (seeing-off): проводов
финансы (finances): финансов.
3. The nouns ending in -и not preceded by г, к, or x have the ending -ей in the genitive plural: будни (week days): будней; грабли (rake): граблей; дебри (jungle, thicket): дебрей; дрожжи (yeast): дрожжей; люди (people): людей; сани (sleigh): санeй.
These nouns are declined like словари , ночи (except the above-mentioned instrumental: людьми).


