Russian Language Grammar
Instrumental
The cases are discussed with reference to:
A. Basic function
B. Special constructions
C. Verbs governing the cases
D. Prepositions governing the cases (including the so-called adverbial and verbal prepositions)
Remark: Many prepositions (в, за, на, но, etc.) have a variety of meanings. Some govern more than one case; this is discussed in detail in the "Prepositions" chapter.
BASIC FUNCTION
1. The instrumental expresses the instrument or agent with which or by which something is done. The instrumental answers the questions кем? (by whom?); чем? (with/by) what?) The instrumental is found in active or passive constructions:
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Я пишу карандашом. |
I am writing with a pencil. |
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Он был ранен пулей. |
Не was wounded by a bullet. |
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Дом построен братом. |
The house is built by my brother. |
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Письмо начиналось словами. |
The letter began with the words. |
Note: Often, for stylistic reasons, a close succession of nouns in the instrumental case has to be avoided. Sentences such as: Письмо было написано учеником ручкой (The letter was written by the pupil with a pen), should be reworded: Ученик написал письмо ручкой (The pupil wrote the letter with a pen).
2. The instrumental may express the manner in which something is done.
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Мы говорили шёпотом. |
We spoke in a whisper. |
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Они ехали полным ходом. |
They drove full speed. |
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS
1. The instrumental may be found in numerous expressions pertaining to manner, time, place, motion (travel), occupation, comparison and size. These expressions, however, have various parallel forms (without the instrumental), which are frequently preferred and which are of a wider usage:
(a) Manner:
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петь соловьём лететь стрелой Or: петь как соловей лететь как стрела |
to sing like a nightingale to fly like an arrow, i.e. very fast
|
Note: Here, the manner is merely a suggestion, a rather remote comparison, in contrast to paragraph 2 above, which does not have a parallel form.
(b) Place:
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Они шли берегом. Мы ехали лесом. Or: Они шли вдоль берега. Мы ехали через лес. |
They were walking along the shore. We were driving through the wood. |
(c) Motion (travel):
|
ехать пароходом; приехать поездом Or: ехать на пароходе; приехать на поезде |
to travel by boat; to come by train |
Note: The parallel forms with на are preferred in literary Russian. Moreover, with some nouns, they are the only ones which can be used:
|
ездить на велосипеде |
to ride a bicycle |
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ехать на лодке |
to go by (in a) boat |
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приехать на телеге |
to arrive by cart |
The same applies, of course, to the non-declined метро and такси.
|
ехать на метро |
to go by subway |
(d) Occupation:
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работать секретарём Or: работать как секретарь; работать в качестве секретаря |
to work as a secretary |
(e) Comparison:
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годом старше часом позже Or: на год старше на час позже |
a year older one hour later |
(f) Size, measure:
The instrumental is currently used in expressions such as:
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длиной в два метра |
two meters long |
|
весом в три килограмма |
weighing three kilograms |
|
в палец толщиной |
one finger thick |
2. The instrumental is used with the adjectives богатый, гордый, слабый, довольный, известный – frequently with their short form.
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Наша страна богата углём и железом. |
Our country is rich in coal and iron. |
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Мы горды этими результатами. |
We are proud of these results. |
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Он всем доволен. |
Не is pleased with everything. |
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известный своими трудами |
known for his works |
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слабый здоровьем |
of delicate (weak) health |
3. Many nouns in the instrumental are adverbialized: утром, днём, вечером, ночью, весной, летом, осенью, зимой.
4. The instrumental is used in the following expressions:
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каким образом |
how, in what way |
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таким образом |
thus, this way |
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главным образом |
chiefly, mainly |
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каким-то чудом |
by some miracle |
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большей частью |
mostly, for the most part |
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одним словом |
in a word; to sum up |
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другими словами |
in other words |
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иными словами |
in other words |
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тем лучше |
all the better |
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тем хуже |
so much the worse |
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тем более |
all the more |
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тем не менее |
nevertheless |
|
первым делом |
first of all |
VERBS GOVERNING THE INSTRUMENTAL
(a) Compound predicates
The instrumental is used as part of a compound predicate with the following verbs:
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быть |
to be |
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звать, назвать |
to call, to name |
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становиться, стать |
to become |
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казаться, показаться |
to seem, to appear to be |
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называться, назваться |
to be called |
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назначить, назначать |
to appoint |
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оказываться, оказаться |
to turn out to be |
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оставаться, остаться |
to remain |
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считаться |
to be considered |
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являться, явиться |
to be, to appear |
Examples:
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Он считался умным, но мне он казался глупым. |
Не was considered clever, but to me he seemed stupid. |
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Это является ярким примером. |
This is a clear (striking) example. |
(b) Predicates with the verb быть
In the present tense the implied verb is always followed by the nominative: Он доктор. – Не is a doctor.
In the past tense, the predicate is usually in the instrumental:
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Его отец был известным инженером. |
His father was a well-known engineer. |
The instrumental may often indicate a temporary condition – hence its frequent usage with тогда, в то время, etc.
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Я был тогда офицером. |
I was an officer back then. |
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В то время Москва была маленьким городом |
At that time Moscow was a small town. |
With a statement expressing something permanent, independent of time, the nominative predicate is used:
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Он был брат моей бабушки. |
Не was the brother of my grandmother. |
|
Его жена была русская. |
His wife was a Russian. |
Note: There are many instances when either the instrumental or the nominative may be used (the latter more often in spoken Russian):
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Он был очень милым человеком. Or: Он был очень милый человек. |
Не was a very nice man. |
In the future, the predicate is normally in the instrumental:
|
Он будет инженером. |
He will be an engineer. |
The instrumental predicate must be used with быть in the infinitive:
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Он хочет быть доктором. |
Не wants to be a doctor. |
The verbs звать and называться govern either the instrumental, or the nominative:
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Его зовут Иваном. Or: Его зовут Иван. |
His name is Ivan (He is called Ivan). |
(с) The following verbs govern the instrumental:
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болеть, заболеть |
to be sick (with) |
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владеть |
to own |
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завладеть |
(perfective meaning): to take by force |
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восхищаться, восхититься |
to admire, to appreciate |
|
гордиться |
to be proud of |
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грозить, погрозить |
to threaten (with) |
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дорожить |
to value |
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жертвовать, пожертвовать |
to sacrifice |
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заведовать |
to be in charge of |
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заниматься, заняться |
to be occupied with, to take up |
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злоупотреблять, злоупотребить |
to take unfair advantage |
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интересоваться, заинтересоваться |
to be interested in |
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командовать |
to command |
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награждать, наградить |
to award; to reward |
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любоваться, налюбоваться |
to admire |
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наслаждаться, насладиться |
to enjoy |
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обладать |
to possess |
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ограничиваться, ограничиться |
to limit, to confine (oneself) to |
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пользоваться, воспользоваться |
to use |
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править |
to rule, to reign; to drive |
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пренебрегать, пренебречь |
to discount, to disregard, to neglect |
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располагать |
to have at one's disposal |
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распоряжаться, распорядиться |
to dispose of, to run (something) |
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рисковать, рискнуть |
to risk |
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руководить |
to lead, to direct, to run |
|
торговать |
to trade (in) |
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увлекаться, увлечься |
to be absorbed in, to be very much interested in |
|
управлять |
to rule, to govern; to drive |
Examples :
|
Он командовал полком. |
He commanded a regiment. |
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Она гордится своим сыном. |
She is proud of her son. |
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Он дорожил своей репутацией. |
He valued his reputation. |
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Вы умеете править автомобилем? |
Can you drive a car? |
PREPOSITIONS
|
за
|
behind, beyond: |
Они за домом. – They are behind the house. За рекой есть лес. – Beyond the river is a wood. Мы шли за толпой. – We were walking behind the crowd. Note: За столом – at the table; at (behind) the desk. |
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for (meaning to get, to fetch): |
пойти за газетой – to go for a newspaper |
|
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at, during: |
разговаривать за обедом – to talk at dinner Note: Он сидит за работой – he is working |
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кончая * |
ending (with, on): |
начиная с понедельника и кончая субботой – starting with Monday and ending on Saturday |
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между |
between: |
Я сидел между братом и сестрой. – I sat between the brother and the sister. Приходите между двумя и тремя. – Come between two and three o’clock. |
|
among: |
Между ними много иностранцев. – There are many foreigners among them (same as: среди них). Note: The use of the genitive with между is becoming obsolete. It is still found in a few set expressions, or when referring to similar objects: между двух огней – between two fires. Дорога шла между скал. – The road was going between cliffs. |
|
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над (надо) |
above, over: |
Самолёт летит над городом. – The airplane is flying over the city. Кто живёт над вами? – Who lives above you? Note: Над may follow other verbs in special constructions: смеяться над кем-нибудь – to laugh at somebody; думать над чем-нибудь – to think something over. |
|
перед (передо) |
in front of; ahead: |
Дети играли перед домом. – The children were playing in front of the house. Перед вами большие возможности. – There are great opportunities ahead of you.. |
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before : |
Он пришёл перед завтраком. – Не came before lunch. |
|
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под (подо) |
under : |
Туфли под кроватью. – The slippers are under the bed. стоять под деревом – to stand under a tree под командой генерала Н – under the command of general N Он подписался под прошением. – He signed his name under the petition. под надзором полиции – under police surveillance под наблюдением врача – under doctor's care |
|
с (со) |
with: |
говорить с учителем – to speak with the teacher слушать с интересом – to listen with interest уйти с книгами – to leave with the books дом с садом – a house with a garden встать с трудом – to get up with difficulty |
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(together) with: |
ехать с товарищем - to drive with a friend играть с детьми – to play with the children |
|
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with (against): |
сражаться с врагом – to fight with (against) the enemy |
* Usually a gerund; here considered a verbal preposition.


