Russian Language Grammar
Secondary Meaning
Certain Russian prepositions among the so-called original ones express a variety of relations. The richest in this respect are в, за, из, на, над, от, про, по, с, and у.
Other original Russian prepositions (без, для, etc.) and especially prepositions derived from adverbs usually keep their concrete, definite meaning. Among the secondary relations expressed with prepositions are:
(a) Reason
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от: |
усталый от работы |
tired from work |
|
мокрый от дождя |
wet from rain |
(A very productive type)
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с: |
с радости |
from joy |
|
с горя |
from sorrow |
A less productive type; somewhat conversational or colloquial (In the four examples above, с may be replaced with от, but not vice versa.)
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за: |
Не надо сердиться на него за это. |
One shouldn't be angry with him for this. |
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из: |
сделать из жалости |
to do out of pity (compassion) |
|
из-за: |
опоздать из-за дождя |
to be late because of (on account of) the rain |
|
благодаря: |
благодаря его помощи |
thanks to (because of) his help |
These last two prepositions indicate an outside reason. They are not interchangeable: when there is nothing to be thankful for, из-за and not благодаря should be used :
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из-за: |
из-за плохой погоды |
because of (due to) bad weather |
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по: |
отсутствовать по болезни |
to be absent because of (on account of) sickness |
|
по какой причине? |
for what reason? |
These constructions suggest an intrinsic reason, contained within the subject.
(b) Purpose
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в: |
сказать в шутку |
to say in jest |
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оставить дома в наказание |
to leave at home in the way of a punishment |
|
|
на: |
ехать на охоту |
to go hunting |
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пригласить на свадьбу |
to invite for a wedding |
|
|
материя на платье |
fabric for a dress |
|
|
мясо на завтрак |
meat for lunch |
In these last two examples, на has a slightly different meaning from для (see below). It suggests an amount of something, serving a definite purpose, and perhaps more than is actually needed.
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для:
|
остановиться для отдыха |
to stop for a rest |
|
ящик для писем |
mail box |
|
|
подарок для неё |
a present for her |
|
|
за: |
умереть за родину |
to die for the fatherland |
|
бороться за мир |
to fight for peace. |
These constructions (with за plus accusative) are characteristic of strong feelings or purpose.
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за: |
пойти за газетой |
to go for a paper |
|
поехать за кем-нибудь |
to go and fetch somebody |
|
|
с: |
обратиться с просьбой |
to ask for a favor, to request |
Constructions of this type are of limited usage.
|
от: |
лекарство от кашля |
cough medicine |
|
против: |
средство против морской болезни |
remedy against seasickness |
(In this example, против has a meaning similar to от in the example immediately above.)
(c) Origin, source
|
от: |
телеграмма от отца |
a telegram from father |
|
привет от него |
greetings from him |
|
|
из: |
исключение из правила |
an exception to the rule |
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узнать из письма |
to find out from the letter |
|
|
у: |
спросить у них |
to ask (to inquire of) them |
|
занять деньги у кого-нибудь |
to borrow money from somebody |
(d) Connection
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от: |
пуговица от костюма |
a button from a suit |
|
ключ от чемодана |
the key from the suitcase |
(e) Object or material with which something is made
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из: |
вырезать из бумаги |
to cut out of paper |
|
салат из огурцов |
cucumber salad |
(f) Object with the aid of which something is performed
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из: |
пить из стакана |
to drink out of a glass |
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стрелять из пушки |
to fire a gun |
|
|
в: |
смотреть в бинокль |
to look through binoculars |
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с: |
есть с ложки |
to eat from a spoon |
(g) Manner
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на: |
приехать на пароходе |
to come by boat |
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играть на деньги |
to play for money |
|
|
по: |
называть по имени |
to call by the first name |
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поступить по закону |
to act according to law |
|
|
говорить по телефону |
to speak on the telephone |
|
|
в: |
сидеть в молчании |
to sit in silence |
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жить в бедности |
to live in poverty |
(h) Extent
|
на: |
известный на весь мир |
known all over the world |
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готовить на всю семью |
to cook for the whole family |
|
|
в: |
весь в крови |
all covered with blood |
|
лоб в морщинах |
a forehead all in wrinkles |
|
|
по: |
по всему свету |
all over the world |
(i) Comparison, size, weight, distance
The last two examples belong to a limited class.
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с: |
величиной с дом |
as large as (the size of) a house |
|
подождать с минуту |
to wait for about a minute |
|
|
в: |
длиной в два метра |
two meters long |
|
весом в тонну |
weighing one ton |
|
|
жить в трёх милях от города |
to live three miles from the city |
|
|
в два раза больше |
twice as large |
|
|
квартира в три комнаты |
a three room apartment |
|
|
на: |
на пять лет старше |
five years older |
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отойти на десять шагов |
to move ten paces away |
(j) Occasion
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за: |
за завтраком |
at lunch, during lunch |
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за работой |
at work, while working |
|
|
на: |
на свадьбе |
at the wedding |
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при: |
при встрече |
at meeting, upon meeting |
(k) Exchange, replacement, reward, payment
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за: |
работать за товарища |
to work for (instead of) a friend |
|
расписаться за кого-нибудь |
to sign for someone (in his stead) |
|
|
медаль за храбрость |
a medal for bravery |
|
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благодарить за помощь |
to thank for help |
|
|
принять за русского |
to take (mistake) for a Russian |
|
|
заплатить за билет |
to pay for the ticket |
|
|
на: |
купить на три рубля |
to buy three rubles worth |
|
продать на пять долларов |
to sell five dollars worth |
(l) Specification, limitation
|
по: |
специалист по детским болезням |
a specialist in children's diseases |
|
товарищ по школе |
a school friend |
|
|
на: |
хитрый на выдумки |
smart as far as inventions (tricks) |
|
|
острый на язык |
sharp-tongued |
|
в: |
твёрдый в принципах |
with strong principles (adamant in principles) |
|
смелый в спорах |
bold in arguments |
(m) Distribution
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по: |
выпить по стакану чая |
to drink a glass of tea each |
|
получить по рублю |
to get a ruble each |
|
|
на: |
разрезать на две части |
to cut in two parts |
|
разбить на куски |
to break into pieces |
(n) Limit, saturation
|
до: |
довести до слёз |
to bring to tears |
|
любить до безумия |
to love madly |
|
|
работать до изнеможения |
to work until completely exhausted |

