Russian Language Grammar
The Comparative Degree
Only qualitative adjectives have a comparative degree. There are, however, a few qualitative adjectives which, because of their meaning, preclude the idea of a comparison: женатый – married; живой – alive; мёртвый – dead; холостой – bachelor; слепой – blind, etc.
There are two forms of the comparative degree: the Simple and the Compound.
The Simple Comparative
1. In the simple form, the suffix -ее is added to the stem: long – длинный: длиннее; poor – бедный: беднее
Sometimes, in poetry for instance, the suffix -ей is added: nice – милый: милей; white – белый: белей
The STRESS in the simple comparative usually falls on the first e of the ending: длиннее, милее. When the adjective has three syllables or more, the stress remains fixed: pleasant – приятный: приятнее; interesting – интересный: интереснее.
2. Sometimes the simple comparative takes the prefix пo-. This prefix implies "somewhat," "a little bit":
|
Я хочу комнату побольше. |
I want a room somewhat larger. |
|
У вас есть что-нибудь получше? |
Do you have anything a little bit better? |
3. Many adjectives have an irregular simple form:
(a) Those with stems ending in г, к, х, д, т, and ст add -e and undergo a mutation of consonants:
|
dear, expensive – дорогой: дороже |
young – молодой: моложе |
|
easy, light – лёгкий: легче |
rich – богатый: богаче |
|
quiet – тихий: тише |
clean – чистый: чище |
(b) Others have various irregularities in their formation:
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near, close – близкий: ближе (a) |
late – поздний: позже, позднее |
|
big, large – большой: больше (b) |
bad – плохой: хуже |
|
high, tall – высокий: выше |
rаrе – редкий: реже |
|
deep – глубокий: глубже |
sweet – сладкий: слаще |
|
distant – далёкий: дальше |
old – старый: старее, старше (d) |
|
cheap – дешёвый: дешевле |
thin – тонкий: тоньше |
|
yellow – жёлтый: желтее (c) |
narrow – узкий: уже |
|
liquid – жидкий: жиже |
good – хороший: лучше |
|
short – короткий: короче |
thin – худой: худее |
|
small, little – маленький: меньше |
bad – худой: хуже |
|
low – низкий: ниже |
wide – широкий: шире |
Notes :
(a) In some comparatives, the suffix -к is dropped: близкий: ближе; редкий: реже.
(b) In current speech the forms более and менее function as adverbs.
(c) There is no mutation of consonants in жёлтый: желтее.
(d) Старее is regular. Старше is also formed from старый but it refers to a difference in age, comparable to "elder," "senior."
4. The simple comparative is not formed from:
(а) Adjectives with the suffix -ск: дружеский – friendly; критический – сritical.
(b) Adjectives with the suffixes -ов or -ев: деловой – businesslike; боевой – battle, fighting, warlike.
(c) Certain other adjectives:
|
больной |
sick |
плоский |
flat |
|
гнилой |
rotten |
отсталый |
retarded |
|
гордый |
proud |
робкий |
timid |
|
горький |
bitter |
скользкий |
slippery |
|
дерзкий |
impertinent |
усталый |
tired |
|
липкий |
sticky |
устарелый |
outdated, antiquated |
|
лишний |
superfluous |
странный |
strange |
The Compound Comparative
In the compound form, более (or менее) are added to the positive degree. Adjectives in this form have three genders and two numbers:
Singular: более трудный урок (a more difficult lesson); более интересная книга (a more interesting book); более удобное кресло (а more comfortable armchair)
Plural: более дешёвые продукты (cheaper products, food stuffs)
Usage of the Comparative Degree
SIMPLE COMPARATIVE
(a) The simple form is not declined. It is normally used as a predicate following the subject:
|
Эта книга интереснее. |
This book is more interesting. |
|
Экзамен был труднее. |
The examination was harder. |
(b) Occasionally, the simple form may be a qualifying word:
|
Он написал письмо длиннее моего. |
Не wrote a letter longer than mine. |
COMPOUND COMPARATIVE
(а) The adjective in the compound form is declined. This form has to be used with oblique cases:
|
говорить о более интересной книге |
to speak about a more interesting book |
|
готовиться к более трудному экзамену |
to study for a more difficult examination |
(b) The compound comparative can be used with short adjectives:
|
Это более интересно. |
This is more interesting. |
(c) The compound form may be used with practically any qualitative adjective. However, with хороший, плохой, маленький, and большой the simple form should be used: лучше, хуже, меньше, and больше (not "более большой," etc.).
CONSTRUCTIONS EXPRESSING A COMPARISON
A comparison may be expressed with the aid of the genitive case, or with the conjunction чем (sometimes with нежели, also meaning "than"):
Сестра красивее брата. Сестра красивее, чем брат.
With the compound form, the construction with чем has to be used: Сестра более красива, чем брат.
The construction with чем must be used, of course, with parts of speech which are not declined: Сегодня теплее, чем вчера.



